Its below here in the picture

11.08 is the VAT or Tax as we call it in total amount is without Vat is 47.23

Step-by-step explanation:

in your qusiton it directly said "VAT is at 19%",Hence all we got to do is times 58.31 by 19% why the whole because your question also says "jeremy buys a calculator in Germany for 58.31. This price also includes VAT" so that is why we need to multpliy the whole number by 19% because some of it is Vat so when we do that amount that is VAT 11.08 and the amount without VAT is 47.23

here the real answer 11.0789

a. she will receive a refund of $278.

step-by-step explanation:

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