Suppose that a password for a computer system must have at least 8, but no more than 12, characters, where each character in the password is a lowercase English letter, an uppercase English letter, a digit, or one of the six special characters ∗, >, <, !, +, and =. a) How many different passwords are available for this computer system?
b) How many of these passwords contain at least one occurrence of at least one of the six special characters?
c) Using your answer to part (a), determine how long it takes a hacker to try every possible password, assuming that it takes one nanosecond for a hacker to check each possible password.

Part a)

There are 52 letters (26 lowercase and 26 uppercase), 10 digits, and 6 symbols. There are 52+10+6 = 68 different characters to choose from.

Adding up those subtotals gives

68^8+68^9+68^10+68^11+68^12 = 9.9207 * 10^21

different passwords possible.

Part b)

Let's find the number of passwords where we don't have a special symbol

There are 52+10 = 62 different characters to pick from

Adding those subtotals gives

62^8+62^9+62^10+62^11+62^12 = 3.2792 * 10^21

different passwords where we do not have a special character. Subtract this from the answer in part a) above

( 9.9207 * 10^21)  - (3.2792 * 10^21) = 6.6415 * 10^21

which represents the number of passwords where we have one or more character that is a special symbol. I'm using the idea that we either have a password with no symbols, or we have a password with at least one symbol. Adding up those two cases leads to the total number of passwords possible.

Part c)

The answer from part a) was roughly 9.9207 * 10^21

It will take about 9.9207 * 10^21  nanoseconds to try every possible password from part a).

Divide 9.9207 * 10^21  over 1*10^9 to convert to seconds

(9.9207 * 10^21 )/(1*10^9) = 9,920,700,000,000

This number is 9.9 trillion roughly.

It will take about 9.9 trillion seconds to try every password, if you try a password per second.

To convert to hours, divide by 3600 and you should get

(9,920,700,000,000)/3600 = 2,755,750,000

So it will take about 2,755,750,000 hours to try all the passwords.

Divide by 24 to convert to days

(2,755,750,000)/24= 114,822,916.666667

which rounds to 114,822,917

So it will take roughly 114,822,917 days to try all the passwords.

Then divide that over 365 to convert to years

314,583.334246576

which rounds to 314,583

It will take roughly 314,583 years to try all the passwords

All values are approximate, and are roughly equivalent to one another.

A) 9,920,671,339,261,325,541,376 different passwords are available for this computer system.

B) 875,353,353,464,234,606,592 of these passwords contain at least one occurrence of at least one of the six special characters.

C) It would take 314,582.42 years for a hacker to try every possible password.

To determine how many different passwords are available for this computer system; how many of these passwords contain at least one occurrence of at least one of the six special characters; and how long it takes a hacker to try every possible password, assuming that it takes one nanosecond for a hacker to check each possible password, the following calculations must be performed:

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by applying the distributive property :

6 × 4.3 = 6 × ( 4 + 0.3 )

            =   (6 ×   4) + (6 ×   0.3)

            = 24 + 1.8

6 × 4.3 = 25.8

2/3

step-by-step explanation: