Estion 4 A shop is planning an order for a popular Christmas festive season product. Demand for the

product usually starts from first week of December till first week of January and reduces sharply

thereafter. For this reason, and to stimulate sales for leftovers, the product is sold at a significantly

reduced price from the second week of January to the fourth week of January. Any leftover after

the fourth week of January goes waste. The table below gives past data on total demand for the

period from first week of December to first week of January, and from second week of January to

fourth week of January, together with their respective chances of occurrence. The product can be

purchased at a wholesale price of GHS60 per unit for a pack containing 600 products, GHS57 per

unit for a pack containing 800 products, and GHS52 per unit for a pack containing 1000 products.

The shop plans to sell the product for GHS80 per unit from first week of December to first week

of January, and at a reduced price of 30% thereafter.

1st week of December to 1st week of January 2nd week of January to 4th week of

January

Demand Probability Demand Probability

500 0.1 320 0.5

600 0.3 180 0.3

750 0.4 130 0.2

850 0.2

i. What is the expected profit when a pack containing 600 products is ordered? (4 marks)

ii. What the expected profit when a pack containing 800 products is ordered? (3 marks)

iii. What is the expected profit when a pack containing 1000 products is ordered? (3 marks)

iv. What is the standard deviation of the profit when a pack of 800 is ordered? State any

assumption you used in calculating this value and with justification. (5 marks)

v. What is the standard deviation of the profit when a pack of 1000 is ordered? Apply the same

assumption you used in (iv) above. (5 marks)

vi. Which of the two, a pack of 800 or a pack of 1000 products should be ordered in order to

minimize risk associated with profit? Give reasons for your answer.

Check Explanation

Step-by-step explanation:

Sale price = GHS80 per unit from first week of December to first week of January.

And at a reduced price of 30% from second week of January to the last week of January.

So, sales price for the second period = 70% × 80 = GHS56

To now find the profits for each of the purchase alternatives, we need to calculate the expected total demand

Expected demand units = (Demand × Probability)

First Period

Demand Probability | Expected demand units

500 0.1 | 50

600 0.3 | 180

750 0.4 | 300

850 0.2 | 170

Second period

Demand Probability | Expected demand units

320 0.5 | 160

180 0.3 | 54

130 0.2 | 26

Total expected demand units for first period = 50 + 180 + 300 + 170 = 700

Total expected demand units for second period = 160 + 54 + 26 = 240

i) When a pack of 600 products only is ordered, it is evident that it will cater for only the first period.

Expected Profit = (Expected sales it can cater for) - (Price of one pack of 600 products)

Expected sales it can cater for = 600 × 80 = GHS 48,000

Expected price of one pack of 600 products = 600 × 60 = GHS 36,000

Expected profit = 48000 - 36000 = GHS 12,000

ii) When a pack of 800 products only is ordered, it is evident that it will cater for the entire first period (700) and 100 from the second period.

Expected Profit = (Expected sales it can cater for) - (Price of one pack of 800 products)

Expected sales it can cater for = (700 × 80) + (100 × 56) = 56,000 + 5,600 = GHS 61,600

Expected price of one pack of 800 products = 800 × 57 = GHS 45,600

Expected profit = 61600 - 45600 = GHS 16,000

iii) When a pack of 1000 products only is ordered, it is evident that it will cater for the entire period, 700 and 240.

Expected Profit = (Expected sales it can cater for) - (Price of one pack of 1000 products)

Expected sales it can cater for = (700 × 80) + (240 × 56) = 56,000 + 13,440 = GHS 69,440

Expected price of one pack of 100 products = 1000 × 52 = GHS 52,000

Expected profit = 69440 - 52000 = GHS 17,440

iv) To do this, we first assume that

- the probabilities provided are very correct.

- the products are sold on a first come first serve basis

- the profits per unit for each period is calculated too.

Profit per product in this case = (16000/800) = GHS 20

For the first period

Expected profit = (700 × 80) - (700 × 57) = GHS 16,100

Average profit per unit = (16100/700) = GHS 23

For the second period

Expected profit = (100 × 56) - (100 × 57) = - GHS 100

Average profit per unit = (-100/100) = -GHS 1

Standard deviation = √[Σ(x - xbar)²/N]

Σ(x - xbar)² = [700 × (23-20)²] + [100 × (-1-20)²]

= 6300 + 44,100 = 50,400

N = 800

Standard deviation per unit = √(50400/800) = GHS 7.94

Variance per unit = (standard deviation per unit)² = (7.94)² = 63.

Variance on 800 units = 800 (1² × 63) = 800 × 63 = 50,400

Standard deviation on profits of 800 units = √(50400) = GHS 224.5

v) With the same assumptions as in (iv), but now, we include the Profit (or more appropriately, the loss from unsold units of products)

Profit per product in this case = (17440/1000) = GHS 17.44

For the first period

Expected profit = (700 × 80) - (700 × 52) = GHS 19,600

Average profit per unit = (19600/700) = GHS 28

For the second period

Expected profit = (240 × 56) - (240 × 52) = - GHS 960

Average profit per unit = (960/240) = GHS 4

The expected unsold products = 1000 - 940 = 60

Profit on those unsold products = 0 - (60 × 52) = -GHS 3,120

Profit per unit = (-3120/60) = - GHS 52

Standard deviation = √[Σ(x - xbar)²/N]

Σ(x - xbar)² = [700 × (28-17.44)²] + [240 × (4-17.44)²] + [60 × (-52-17.44)²]

= 78,059.52 + 43,352.064 + 289,314.816 = 410,726.4

N = 1000

Standard deviation per unit = √(410,726.4/1000) = GHS 20.27

Variance per unit = (standard deviation per unit)² = (20.27)² = 410.7264

Variance on 1000 units = 1000 (1² × 410.7264) = 800 × 410.7264 = 410,726.4

Standard deviation on profits of 1000 units = √(410,726.4) = GHS 640.88

vi) The standard deviation on profits show how much the real profits can range below or abobe the expected profit. That is, the standard deviation basically represents how big the risks or rewards can get.

A larger standard deviation will indicate a higher risk in case of loss and a higher reward in case of profits.

The option with the lower risk is the option with the lower standard deviation.

Hence, a pack of 800 products should be ordered instead of a pack of 1000 products as it has a lower standard deviation and hence, a lower risk attached to it thereby minimizing the risk.

Hope this Helps!!!

answer: a. 13/44

step-by-step explanation: judging by the information given to us, we are looking for experimental probability. we can see that 13 males have chosen chocolate ice cream. there are 44 ice creams in total (remember that the total is always the denominator). so our answer is 13/44.

the correct answer is a) they believe they have a "just cause."

islamic terrorists justify their violent actions because they believe they have a "just cause."

every act of terrorism of islamic sects is done “in the name of allah”. that justifies their actions. islam people who commit those terrorist attacks are not afraid to die. that is why the attacks have horrible consequences. they know they are going to die and they are proud to do it because it is in the name of allah, so it is justified and is for a “good cause.”

since the very beginning of the conflict with israel, islam is fighting a “sacred war”, respecting the words stated in the qur’an. they fight against the domination of the western countries and to defend their occupied territories.