"Sample size can affect whether statistically significant differences are found, but sometimes, in extremely large samples, differences are found that are significant but of no real value or interest. What standardized value helps measure the size of the difference in relation to the variability of the data, removing the impact of sample size?"

Effect size

Step-by-step explanation:

Effect size is a simple way of quantifying the difference between two groups that has many advantages over the use of tests of statistical significance alone. Effect size emphasises the size of the difference rather than confounding this with sample size.

we can calculate effect size as

d=\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\sigma}

it can measure the effect but here is no need of sample size hence the answer is effect size.

2.

according to newton’s cannonball model, what happens if the cannonball's velocity is enough to overpower the pull of earth’s gravitystep-by-step explanation:

the transverse axis of a hyperbola is the line that contains the two vertices and the two focuses.

in this example (hyperbola of equation x^2/2 - y^2/4 = 1), the transverse axis is the  x-axis  . 

step-by-step explanation: