Do people from different cultures experience emotions differently? One study designed to examine this question collected data from 416 college students from five different cultures. The participants were asked to record, on a 1 (never) to 7 (always) scale, how much of the time they typically felt eight specific emotions. These were averaged to produce the global emotion score for each participant.

Culture n Mean(s)
European American 46 4.39(1.03)
Asian American 33 4.35(1.18)
Japense 91 4.72(1.13)
Indian 160 4.34(1.26)
Hispanic American 80 5.04(1.16)
a. From the information given, do you think that we need to be concerned that a possible lack of Normality in the data will invalidate the conclusions that we might draw using ANOVA to analyze the data? Give reasons for your answer.

b. Is it reasonable to use a pooled standard deviation for these data? Why or why not?

c. The ANOVA F statistic was reported as 5.69. Give the Degrees of freedom and either a approximate (from a table) or exact (from software) P-value. Sketch a picture of the F-distribution that illustrates the P-value. What do you conclude?

d. Without doing any additional formal analysis, describe the patterns in means that appear to be responsible for your conclusion. Are there pairs of means that are similar?