3. Let A, B, C be sets and let : → and : → be two functions. Prove or find a counterexample to each of the following statements: (a) If ∘ : → is onto, then is onto. (b)If ∘ : → is onto, then is onto. (c) If ∘ : → is one-to-one, then is one-to-one

Answer / Explanation

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Question

(1) Give an example of functions f : A −→ B and g : B −→ C such that g ◦ f is injective but g is not  injective.

(2) Suppose that f : A −→ B and g : B −→ C are functions and that g ◦ f is surjective. Is it true  that f must be surjective? Is it true that g must be surjective? Justify your answers with either a  counterexample or a proof

Answer

(1) There are lots of correct answers. You can set A = {1}, B = {2, 3} and C = {4}. Then define f : A −→ B by f(1) = 2 and g : B −→ C by g(2) = 4 and g(3) = 4. Then g is not  injective (since both 2, 3 7→ 4) but g ◦ f is injective.  Here’s another correct answer using more familiar functions.

Let f : R≥0 −→ R be given by f(x) = √

x. Let g : R −→ R be given by g(x) = x , 2  . Then g is not  injective (since g(1) = g(−1)) but g ◦ f : R≥0 −→ R is injective since it sends x 7→ x.

NOTE: Lots of groups did some variant of the second example. I took off points if they didn’t  specify the domain and codomain though. Note that the codomain of f must equal the domain of

g for g ◦ f to make sense.

(2) Answer

Solution: There are two questions in this problem.

Must f be surjective? The answer is no. Indeed, let A = {1}, B = {2, 3} and C = {4}.  Then define f : A −→ B by f(1) = 2 and g : B −→ C by g(2) = 4 and g(3) = 4. We see that  g ◦ f : {1} −→ {4} is surjective (since 1 7→ 4) but f is certainly not surjective.  Must g be surjective? The answer is yes, here’s the proof. Suppose that c ∈ C is arbitrary (we  must find b ∈ B so that g(b) = c, at which point we will be done). Since g ◦ f is surjective, for the  c we have already fixed, there exists some a ∈ A such that c = (g ◦ f)(a) = g(f(a)). Let b := f(a).

Then g(b) = g(f(a)) = c and we have found our desired b.  Remark: It is good to compare the answer to this problem to the answer to the two problems

on the previous page.  The part of this problem most groups had the most issue with was the second. Everyone should  be comfortable with carefully proving a function is surjective by the time we get to the midterm.

what do you mean by fog

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