In a study conducted by frantzen and colleagues from 2001 through 2004, researchers studied the consumption of ready-to-eat cereal (rtkc) with body mass index (bm1) of 625 low-income minority fourth- to sixth-grade students living 111 san antonio. texas (students were randomly selected) they measured students' age, ethnicity, height, and weight and students were administered dietary interviews at the beginning of their fourth-grade year and the end of their fifth- and sixth-grade year they found a "significant inverse relation between the bm1 percentile and the frequency of rtec consumption" concluded that "children who frequently consume" is it safe for us to conclude that there is a causal relationship between regular consumption of rtec and the drop in bmi? frantzen, lana b, trevino, robert t, echon, roger m, garcia-dominic, oralia, and dimareo, nancy, "association between frequency' of ready-to-eat cereal consumption, nutnent intakes. and body mass index in fourth to seith grade low-income minority children " journal of the academy of nutrition and dietetics (april 2013).
a. yes, because causality is indicated by the significant inverse relation
b. no. because while the relationship is interesting, there is a possibility of lulling variables not studied by the authors.
c. no. because causality can be demonstrated only by investigating the entire population
d). yes, because the students were randomly selected for the study
e) no because an inverse relation indicates that there is no causality