Ireally don't understand how roots work with these.

This is geometry. Put point C at (-4,-3). Distance from A to C = AC = 5. Distance from C to B = CB = 9. Then ACB is a right triangle with legs AC and CB, and hypotenuse AB, so

AC^2 + CB^2 = AB^2, so

AB = √(AC^2 + CB^2) = √(5^2+9^2) = √(25+81) = √106.

However, in vector algebra, A=(-4,3) and B=(5,-2), and (A-B)=(-9,5).

distance(A,B) = √((A-B) dot (A-B)),

where (x,y) dot (x,y) = x×x + y×y.

So the answer is √((-9,5)dot(-9,5)) = √((-9)^2+5^2) = √(81+25) = √106.

This works in 3D, (x,y,z) dot (x,y,z) = x×x + y×y + z×z. distance(A,B) gives √(x^2+y^2+z^2) for distances in 3 dimensions.

In 4D, distance is √(x^2+y^2+z^2+w^2)

And in infinite dimensional Hilbert space, (x,y,z,a,b,c,...) dot (x,y,z,a,b,c,...) = x×x + ... c×c + distance(A,B) gives

√(x^2+...+c^2+...).

And for real valued functions, f(x) dot g(x) is roughly the sum of f(x)×g(x) over uncountably many points x from -infinity to +infinity. It's the area under h(x)=f(x)g(x).

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step-by-step explanation: