Which of the following was the primary means by which people ensured their safety prior to the creation of formal police departments?
a. hired assassins
b. reliance on the king or leader for protection
c. coming together to be collectively responsible for each other
d. designated volunteers who protected villages and families

d. designated volunteers who protected villages and families

Explanation:

Often called vigilantes, they were individual volunteers designated to protected villages and families prior to the creation of formal police.

They were seen as heroes in those communities, as they acted in the safety interest of their communities.

anticipatory breach of contract

as the name suggests, an anticipatory breach is a breach of contract before the time of performance. so, if a promisor denies to perform his promise and signifies his unwillingness before the time for performance, then it is an anticipatory breach of contract.

and

actual breach of contract

while an anticipatory breach is before the time of performance, an actual breach of contract is on the scheduled time of performance of the contract. an actual breach of contract can be committed either.

hope this . : )

the cat said meow. the police should not have shot it.