What is hybridization

Hybridization happens when atomic orbitals mix to form a new atomic orbital. The new orbital can hold the same total number of electrons as the old ones. The properties and energy of the new, hybridized orbital are an 'average' of the original unhybridized orbitals.

The concept of hybridization was introduced because it was the best explanation for the fact that all the C - H bonds in molecules like methane are identical.

Example

In their ground state, carbon atoms naturally have electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p2.

The four outermost electrons, i.e. those in the 2s and 2p sublevels are available to form chemical bonds with other atoms.

The 2s orbital is capable of holding up to two electrons, and there are three 2p orbitals, each capable of holding up to two electrons, which means the 2p orbitals can hold up to six electrons.

Individually, these electron orbitals look something like this. (Each is centered on carbon's nucleus and the p orbitals make angles of 90° with one another.)

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