In your own opinion, describe the effect that affirmative action has on discouraging discrimination and encouraging racial equality.

Affirmative action discourages discrimination and promotes racial equality by requiring that people from racial minorities be not discriminated but be afforded equal opportunities in education, employment and other arenas. This is important in correcting past discrimination and underrepresentation of minorities which promotes racial equality

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yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.