The stuart kings’ claims to absolute power were challenged by
a. the tudors.
c. the cavaliers.
b. parliament.
d. the church of england.

It was c. Parliament.  Charles needed money to finance his wars with France and he asks Parliament to raise funds.  Parliament gave him what he need but not before signing the Bill of Rights.  Later Charles was again in need of money due to the war with Scotland.  Before that he ruled England without calling on Parliament which angered the members and passed a law that forbade King from dissolving Parliament without their permission.  Later Civil broke out between Parliament and the King.  At first the Parliament was at a disadvantage until Oliver Cromwell lead the newly-trained Model Army and scored victories against the Royalists.  The war ended with the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651 with Parliament emerging as the victors.  

The transcontinental railroad provided a means of fast transportation. it cut a 6 month trip into 6 days, created jobs for many people and encouraged immigration. the homestead act played a huge role in western expansion; it allowed settlers to begin a fresh start, and gave them land in exchange for their residence for up to five years and a small fee.