Why would a historian consider the "maternalist reforms" an ironic or peculiar aspect of the progressive era? they made settlement houses, which primarily served women and children in poverty, seem discriminatory to modern eyes. they were necessary because new developments in the labor industry, including the forming of new unions, excluded women. they sought legislation that would improve the lives of women and children, though these improvements came at the expense of limiting the rights of men. they introduced gender bias into state laws, limiting women's economic independence at a time when women sought the right to vote.

every of the four river valley civilizations, religion played an enormous role in shaping and cultivating each civilization. this essay will briefly discuss how religion formed the river valley people’s government and view on geography. religion dictated how the peoples of the river valley civilizations managed government and geography.

            religious leaders played prominent roles in every river valley civilizations form of government. from ancient egypt and mesopotamia to china’s historic empire and the indus river valley, all the river valley civilizations had significant religious figures. in ancient egypt, the pharaoh was revered as a god and therefore was given his right as supreme governing authority in the eyes of the people. the elusive emperors of china gained there governing rights by a mandate of heaven creating long lines of dynasties until the common people of china felt the dynasty had lost the favor of the gods. chinese emperors were not only governing leaders but also the spiritual leaders of ancient china. mesopotamian and indus river valley priests were referred as has head officials who had vast amounts of authority in these two civilizations primitive forms of democracy. religion shaped the structure and social caste of the four river valley civilizations.

hope that