What were the main efforts of political reform from 1877 to 1896? why were these needed?

This period of time was called the first “Civil Rights” movement for African Americans. Jim Crow laws were created during this period of time to stop blacks from voting and segregated them from whites. This period didn’t come with much success for blacks, as the only thing passed prior to this movement was the 13th-15th Amendments. This movement ended in 1896, with the Plessy v. Ferguson case, in which “Separate but equal” was ruled constitutional.

The answer is forindependence.