Why did the islamic world suffer hardship during the 1200s and 1300s?
a. muslim tyrants kept their subjects in serfdom and poverty.
b. western european kings sent armies to retake jerusalem and capture as many muslims as possible to use as slaves.
c. mongol armies rode out of central asia to invade and conquer first one part and then another part of the muslim world.
d. christian soldiers of the byzantine empire forced muslims under their control to accept christianity or face death.

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

the  seven  days  battles  were  a series of seven battles over seven  days from june 25 to july 1, 1862, near richmond, virginia,  during  the american civil war. the  seven  days ended with mcclellan's army in relative safety next to the james river, having suffered almost 16,000 casualtiesduring  the retreat.