1. what was the social contract theory and which english philosopher proposed it? 2. the rights people have as being part of an organized government are rights. rights people are born with are rights. 3. is the process of using the fourteenth amendment to apply the bill of rights to state governments. there are different viewpoints of what degree that this principle applies: select, complete, plus or none.

1. What was the Social Contract theory and which English philosopher proposed it? Social contract theory is the theory that suggests that persons' moral and political obligations should be dependent upon an agreement formed in the society they live in. This theory is originated in ancient Greece, but is associated with modern moral and political theory introduced by Thomas Hobbs. Hobbs was an English philosopher and founder of modern political philosophy that gave full exposition of social contract theory in his book “Leviathan”.

2. The rights people have as being part of an organized government are [Civil] Rights. Rights people are born with are [Natural] Rights. Civil Rights represent set of laws that are designed to protect freedom and equality of an individual. They ensure equal participation in political and civil life without discrimination. Natural Rights are identified by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence as life, liberty, property and pursuit of happiness. Conceptualization of natural rights was common among western philosophers, among which were most prominent John Locke and Thomas Hobbs.

3. [ Due Process Clause ] is the process of using the Fourteenth Amendment to apply the Bill of Rights to state governments.  Most provisions of the Bill of Rights apply through the Due Process Clause from the Fourteenth amendment under doctrine called incorporation. Due Process Clause is an act to ensure the safeguard from denial of life, liberty and property from the government. 

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal. this may result in the adoption of a new law.