Which of the follwoing were not direct causes of world war 1

So, to find out what IS a cause of the war we need to know M.A.I.N. That means Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. That would mean the choices that aren't caused are totalitarianism, defense, and industrialism.

The transcontinental railroad provided a means of fast transportation. it cut a 6 month trip into 6 days, created jobs for many people and encouraged immigration. the homestead act played a huge role in western expansion; it allowed settlers to begin a fresh start, and gave them land in exchange for their residence for up to five years and a small fee.