Unit 10 lesson 7: the muslim world and africa unit test. 10) which mathematical innovation did the early muslim caliphates achieve a) astrolabe improvements b)urge to investigations to determine bias c)hindu-arabic numerals d)use of arches

The mathematical innovation achieved by the early caliphate is Hindu-Arabic numerals. This implies the correct answer is C.

Hindu Numerals are 10 symbols (1 2 3 4 5 7 9 0). This set of 10 symbols makes up the decimal number system.

These 10 sets of symbols emanated from India during the 17th century. They were also introduced to Europe through the writings of al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi, who are both prominent Muslim mathematicians in the 12th century.

Also, one of the mathematical innovations achieved by the early Muslims caliphate is algebra. Algebra was developed by Al-Khwarizmi, who was one of the prominent Muslim mathematicians.

Al-Khwarizmi introduced the study of algebra and wrote many books on mathematics. He composed a book during the 1800s and was later interpreted into Latin. The book became a mathematics textbook that was put to use across Europe.

Al-Khwārizmī, also known as Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī was born 780. He was a great mathematician and astronomer. He contributed greatly to mathematics, particularly the development of algebraic and algorithm.

Al-Khwārizmī is widely regarded as the father of computer science and one of the prominent mathematicians of the Bayt al-Hikma.

Therefore, the mathematical innovation achieved by the early caliphate is Hindu-Arabic numerals. This implies the correct answer

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d) resisting gorbachev’s reforms

"the attempts of the proletariat to rise above this abasement"