Guided reading activity lesson 1 medieval i. the papal monarchy a. medieval popes controlled the in italy, and bishops were often to nobles. b. the controversy, which was initiated by a decree from pope gregory vii in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the . c. in the 1200s, pope used tools such as the bring the church to the height of its political power. ii. new religious orders a. in the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic . b. the order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery. c. the abbess was an important contributor to a type of music known as chant.