Similar types of work in a particular place were often done by people who a. moved to america from the same country. b. had learned to do that work in their native land. c. had no alternative employment possibilities. d. wanted to find other work elsewhere.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

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