What was the direct result of the black death in europe

There are 4 answers 
1. the rate of urbanization increased
2. the shortage of workers developed
3. food crops had to be imported from the Americas
4. German states denominated in the eastern Mediterranean 

The black death is one of the most calamitous and miserable epidemics where the bubonic plague killed off around 50% of europe's population during the middle ages. there were many consequences to the black death. a direct result of this epidemic is that workers and especially those of lower class without access to medicine died off. this caused a shortage since there weren't many working and producing. life expectancy decreased and this effected the urban cities the most. 

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