Which disciple of Jesus is often considered the first pope of the Catholic Church

What is the main idea of this excerpt

Why were some framers in favor of incorporating the bill of rights? a. because then the bill of rights would cover both state and federal law. b. because then the bill of rights would protect both citizens and non citizens. c. because the the framers would only have to follow the federal laws. d. because the the framers would only have to follow their state's laws

Based on this map, approximately how far did the songhai empire stretch east tward into the interior from the coast