HELP? PLEASE How did segregation and discrimination affect the lives of African Americans at the turn of the 20th century?

African Americans are victimized by voting restrictions, All

Southern states imposed new

voting restrictions and denied

legal equality to African

Americans. Some states, for

example, limited the vote to

people who could read, and

required registration officials

to administer a literacy test to

test reading. Blacks trying to

vote were often asked

difficult questions,

or given a test in a foreign lan- guage. Officials could pass or

fail applicants as they wished.

African Americans faced not only formal discrimination but also informal rules

and customs, called racial etiquette, that regulated relationships between whites

and blacks. Usually, these customs belittled and humiliated African Americans,

enforcing their second-class status. For example, blacks and whites never shook

Hands, since shaking hands would have implied equality. Blacks also had to yield

the sidewalk to white pedestrians, and black men always had to remove their hats for whites.

African Americans who did not fol-

low the racial etiquette could face severe punishment or

death. All too often, blacks who were accused of violating

the etiquette were lynched Between 1882 and 1892, more

than 1,400 African-American men and women were shot,

burned, or hanged without trial in the South. Lynching

peaked in the 1880s and 1890s but continued well into the

20th century.

As segregation tightened and racial oppression escalated across the United States, some leaders of the African American community, often called the talented tenth, began to reject Booker T. Washington’s conciliatory approach. W. E. B. Du Bois and other black leaders channeled their activism by founding the Niagara Movement in 1905. Later, they joined white reformers in 1909 to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Early in its fight for equality, the NAACP used the federal courts to challenge disenfranchisement and residential segregation. Job opportunities were the primary focus of the National Urban League, which was established in 1910.

During the Great Migration (1910–1920), African Americans by the thousands poured into industrial cities to find work and later to fill labor shortages created by World War I. Though they continued to face exclusion and discrimination in employment, as well as some segregation in schools and public accommodations, Northern black men faced fewer barriers to voting. As their numbers increased, their vote emerged as a crucial factor in elections. The war and migration bolstered a heightened self-confidence in African Americans that manifested in the New Negro Movement of the 1920s. Evoking the “New Negro,” the NAACP lobbied aggressively for a federal anti-lynching law.

In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal provided more federal support to African Americans than at any time since Reconstruction. Even so, New Deal legislation and policies continued to allow considerable discrimination. During the mid-thirties the NAACP launched a legal campaign against de jure (according to law) segregation, focusing on inequalities in public education. By 1936, the majority of black voters had abandoned their historic allegiance to the Republican Party and joined with labor unions, farmers, progressives, and ethnic minorities in assuring President Roosevelt’s landslide re-election. The election played a significant role in shifting the balance of power in the Democratic Party from its Southern bloc of white conservatives towards this new coalition.

Explanation:

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.