What details did President Washington and the first Congress need to work out for the new
government to function the way the Framers had
intended?

Congress created executive departments and the cabinet; Congress passed Judiciary Act of 1789 to create federal court systems. The President nominated people to fill these positions.

Explanation:

While the Convention was intended merely to revise the Articles of Confederation, the objective of its leaders was to create a new government.

what the first or next guy says

answer; taking up arms to defend the nation;