What's the main idea for chapter 17 section 4 the reformation continues?

The quote below is an excerpt from the charter of the united nations: "the purposes of the united nations are: to maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace . " source:this section implies that the united nations is prepared to do what to keep world peace?

The oldest known mesopotamian civilization settled in areas along river banks or sea sides surrounded by mountains and deserts which two statements explain why three geographical features led to the rise of mesopotamian civilizations

What negative effects did this policy have on the colonies