Please explain how Bos Taurus (cattle) and smallpox help explain why English is spoken in Preston, Idaho and the language of the Shoshoni Indians is not spoken in Preston, England.

where is the section with the question?

disequilibrium means that either supply is greater than the demand for an available good, or that the demand for a product outstrips the available supply. it implies that the price for a is either too low creating large demand, or too high creating a large surplus of supply.

the border between arizona and new mexico is a thin, black line; this indicates a state boundary.

its correct: it's a thin line, and it's a state boundary, correct

the lachish letters were written by hoshaiah, a military officer stationed possibly in mareshah,   and sent to yaush, possibly the commanding officer at lachish.

the series of letters were written in carbon ink in ancient hebrew on clay ostraca, shortly before lachish fell to the babylonian army of king nebuchadnezzar in 588/6 bc during the reign of zedekiah, king of judah.