The settlement founded in the early 1600s that was the most consequential for the future united states was

It was "JamesTown", settlement in Virginia Colony.

About Jamestown it is famously said “Jamestown is where British Empire began”. Virginia Company of London was the founder of Jamestown or “James Fort” in 1607. Jamestown was also the capital of Virginia colony for more than eight decades. 

b) they want the land taken away from the wealthy landowners and given to peasants.

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)