4. How did Nazis exterminate groups of people
before concentration camps were built?

From its rise to power in 1933, the Nazi regime built a series of incarceration sites to imprison and eliminate real and perceived "enemies of the state." Most prisoners in the early concentration camps were political prisoners—German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats—as well as Roma (Gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of "asocial" or socially deviant behavior. Many of these sites were called concentration camps. The term concentration camp refers to a camp in which people are detained.

Nazi Germany, also known as the Third Reich  or  Third Reich  (German: Drittes Reich), was Germany  during the period 1933 – 1945 under a dictatorship totalitarian controlled by Adolf Hitler and Nazi Party  (NSDAP). Under  Hitler's rule, Germany had transformed into a Fascist totalitarian state that governed almost every aspect of life. The official name of the country was  Deutsches Reich (German Empire) from 1933 to 1943 and  Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Empire) from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany ended its existence in May 1945 after when he was defeated by the  Allies, the event marked the end of the  World War II in Europe.

On January 30, 1933,  Hitler  was appointed by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg as  Chancellor of Germany. Then the Nazi party began to eliminate all political opponents and consolidate its power. With the death of  Hindenburg  on August 2, 1934, Hitler became the dictator of Germany by merging the positions and powers of the Chancellor and the President. The results of a nationwide referendum  held on August 19, 1934 confirmed Hitler as the only  Führer  of Germany. All power was concentrated in Hitler's hands, and his word was above all laws. The government was not a cooperative, coordinated body, but a collection of factions fighting for Hitler's power and interests. During the height of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored a stable economy and ended mass unemployment through heavy military spending and the use of the mixed economy. Major public works are under construction, including the  Reichsautobahn expressway system. The economic recovery has increased people's love for the regime.

A prominent feature of Nazi Germany was the issue of racism, especially  anti-Semitism. The Germanic peoples (Nordic races) are said to be the purest  Aryan races , hence the  superior races. Millions of "Jews" and "other victims, anyone whom the Nazis deemed "repulsive, lowly, undesirable", were persecuted and massacred during the  Holocaust. Opponents who opposed Hitler's rule were brutally suppressed. The Nazis imprisoned, expelled, and murdered the liberals, socialists and communists. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with scores of leaders imprisoned. The education focuses on race biology, population policy, and physical training for military service. Women have limited career and educational opportunities. Tourism and leisure activities were organized through the program  Kraft durch Freude, and  Summer Olympics 1936 was an occasion for the Third Reich to introduce itself to the world. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels  used Hitler's movies, mass rallies, and rhetoric effectively to control public opinion. The government controls artistic expression, promotes specific art forms, and prevents or discourages others.

Over time, Nazi Germany became increasingly aggressive over territory and threatened to wage war if the issue was not met. In 1938 and 1939, respectively, the Nazis invaded Austria and then Czechoslovakia. Hitler signed with Joseph Stalin a treaty and then carried out the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the event that opened the second world war in Europe. By 1940, Nazi Germany in alliance with the  Axis  countries had conquered most of Europe and threatened to invade Britain. At the same time, the Nazis simultaneously rounded up and killed "hateful" "races" in "concentration camps" and "extermination camps". The implementation of apartheid policies culminated with the mass slaughter of the Jewish and other ethnic minorities during the Holocaust. In 1941 Hitler launched the invasion campaign of the Soviet Union and achieved significant initial victories. However, since 1943, Nazi Germany began to suffer great defeats militarily. By 1944, the number of large-scale bombing campaigns by Britain and the United States increased, and the Nazis had to withdraw from Eastern and Southern Europe, respectively. Following the events of the  Allied liberation of France, Nazi Germany was defeated by the Soviet Union  on the Eastern Front  and other  Allied countries  in the West, finally forced to surrender in May 1945. In the last months At the end of the war, Hitler, refusing to accept defeat, ordered the destruction of all of Germany's infrastructure, thereby increasing the number of casualties related to the war. The victorious Allies initiated the  Entnazifizierung  (destroy, abolish Nazism) policy and brought a series of surviving former senior leaders of the regime to trial at the  Nürnberg court.

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.