These are the two questions that are due in 4 hours 1. What does Winthrop mean when he calls the Massachusetts Bay Colony a "city on a hill"? Why to Winthrop, does it matter?

2. The "city on a hill" has remained a popular description for America ever since John Winthrop's 1630 speech, invoked by presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Ronald Reagan in reference to the United States. Do you believe Winthrop's "city on a hill" argument is an apt metaphor for the American nation? Why or why not? What are the strengths and weaknesses of such a metaphor?

the catholic church withhold people's access to the bible during the middle ages.

people could go to church and listen to the teachings, but it was absolutely forbidden to own and/or read the books of both the old and new testaments. it was also prohibited to translate the books (which where originally in biblical hebrew) to any other language.

this was done so the church could remain in control of what their teachings were and to enhance their importance and power, while also being able to judge people's actions through information that was unavailable for the general public.

necessary and proper clause. the congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof.

march 8, 1917

explanation: