Whereas you, Galileo ... aged seventy years, were denounced in 1615, to this Holy Office, for holding as true a false doctrine taught by many, namely, that the sun is immovable in the center of the world, and that the earth moves, and also with a daily motion; also, for
having pupils whom you instructed in the same opinions
We pronounce this our final sentence: We pronounce, judge, and declare, that you, the said Galileo ... have rendered yourself
vehemently suspected by this Holy Office of heresy, that is, of having believed and held the doctrine (which is false and contrary to the
Holy and Divine Scriptures).
The Life of Galileo Galilei by John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune, 1830
Based on the text, how did Galileo's ideas affect society in the seventeenth century?
O A. They strengthened loyalty to Church clergy.
B. They challenged the power of secular rulers to enforce justice.
C. They increased the power of scientists in shaping Church doctrine.
They undermined the authority of Church teachings.