Were the new Latin American nations better off as independent states than they had been under colonial rule? Why or why not?

While Brazil maintained its territorial integrity after independence, the former Spanish America split into more than a dozen separate countries, following the administrative divisions of the colonial system. The difficulty for the inhabitants of these units was not, however, as simple as the demarcation of geographic boundaries. Rather, the recently emancipated countries of Latin America faced the much more daunting challenge of defining and consolidating new nations.

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wood carving remains today the primary sculptural art form of the sub saharan continent. african art history shows the earliest wooden sculptures from the 17th c are attributed to the kuba, central zaire but the earliest surviving sub-saharan sculpture is a zoomorphic head found in 1928 in central angola.

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world war i began in 1914, after the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. during the conflict, germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria and the ottoman empire (the central powers) fought against great britain, france, russia, italy, romania, japan and the united states (the allied powers). to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, world war i saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. by the time the war was over and the allied powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.

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