The fostered the Scientific Revolution. The invention of navigational devices such as the astrolabe, caravel, and magnetic compass led to technological improvements. It increased world exploration, which improved economic conditions and .

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

the effects of the french revolution had a major impact on france and europe, which influenced and transformed these countries. about.com explains that the effects of the french revolution resulted in an established democratic institution, elections, constitutions and a modern government. these effects changed laws and the hierarchy of power.

according to about.com, the long-term effects of the french revolution were profound on humanity and society. the effects of the french revolution secured political and economic gains for the lower class. the french revolution shaped politics, religion and beliefs. it developed liberalism and eliminated traditional laws. the effects included counter-reaction tactics, which defeated napoleon and produced totalitarianism ideals.

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