The ottomans were a strong trading empire
through the mid-160os because they
(1) controlled access to the eastern mediterranean
sea
(2) had the most powerful navy in the world
(3) dominated west african caravan routes
(4) conquered most of asia

How did the church gain secular power? a) monks forced massive numbers of people to convert through fear of punishment. b) the church issued interdicts, laws passed by the church regardless of secular law. c) the church's power to deny the sacraments gave the church power over christians. d) canon law established secular courts under the control of the church.