Constitutional courts and special courts were created by based on article iii of the constitution.
the framers
the supreme court
the congress
the president

based on Article III of the Constitution, the Congress created Constitutional courts and special courts.

So your answer is C) the Congress

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

a true

explanation: