What occurred in the 18th and 19th century that influenced adulteration of food in america?

Over time, the act of adulterating food for economic gain began to emerge. During the Middle Ages, imported spices were quite valuable. Due to their high prices and limited supply, merchants sometimes combined spices with numerous cheap substitutes such as ground nut shells, pits, seeds, juniper berries, stones or dust. In response, trade guilds were formed to supervise the quality of products and prevent the adulteration of food, and laws were drafted throughout Europe to regulate the quality of bread, wine, milk, butter, and meat. Following the Reformation, however, the influence of guilds wanted and, along with them, their laws. hope this will help

1.d 2.a c.!