How did henry viii respond when the pope excommunication him

supplies had to travel a long distance across water on ships that were often attacked, so they did not reach europe

the triple alliance. germany and austria-hungary were already allies by 1879 when, worried about a threat from russia, they formed the dual alliance. italy joined the group in 1882. there was a concern about a possible attack from france and the alliance needed powerful friends to defend it.

it proved indian land claims were unjustified.