How did trade affect the development of african kingdoms?

it contributed to the creation of an agricultural class.
it led to the decline of city-states.
it let to the rise of tribal communities.
it contributed to the rise of power city-states and later kingdoms.

The correct answer to this question would be alternative D) "It contributed to the rise of power city-states and later kingdoms."

Africa is a very large continent with many nations and a lot of area of wilderness, or that hasn't got the best weather and soil conditions for farming.

Since regions are really decentralized, trade contributed to the rise of Power City-States such as Mombasa, Gede, Lamu, and Malindi, and that contributed to the formation of African Kingdoms

apartheid, (afrikaans: “apartness”) policy that governed relations between south africa's white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. people should not get this wrong. i was just answering a question.

bfnfnfnfnfj d dnfnfnfnfnfndn