How has the nature of presidential power changed since the ratification of u. s. constitution?
a. presidental power has been greatly limited through consititutional admend.
b. pres. have taken on many of the powers once granted to the supreme court
c. presidents have gained more power to act independently of congress
d. pres. have become less powerful as the federal bureaucracy has expanded

At firs the Constitution used to limit greatly the powers of a President of the Nation. That changed over the years. George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson already made it so the presidency was way more influential than what it was meant to be at first. until the 1930s, though, Congress was still the dominant branch of the national government. That is, until  the 21th came in, when Presidents became way more powerful. Maybe as powerful as Congress.

The answer is:

c. presidents have gained more power to act independently of congress

julius caesar turned the roman republic into the roman empire by coming in and taking the "dictator" role during the time of a civil war (elites vs lower classes) winning battles and reputation, then declaring him dictator for life

hope this : )