Which is not characteristic of the military and fiscal revolution?

a. new gunpowder technology and military advances occurred.

b. governments found new ways to pay for expensive wars.

c. countries used unfavorable trade treaties.

The correct option is C

The Military Revolution is a historiographical concept that designates the radical change in the organization, strategy and armament of the European armies during the Modern Age and its consequences at a political, social and economic level. The term was introduced by the historian Michael Roberts in the 1950s. Roberts linked the changes in European methods of war promoted by the incorporation of new military technology with broader historical processes. In this way, he argued that innovations in tactics, instruction and doctrines by the Dutch and Swedes between 1560 and 1660, which maximized the use of firearms, led to greater professionalization of the army.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

the roman empire began to fall