Reform elements such as the recall, the referendum, and the initiative were primarily designed to give power to trusts. political machines. voters. monopolies.

I believe the answer is: Voters

those reform elements were created so the voters had the option to remove either representatives or the legislation that betrayed their expectations. This factors dramatically reduce the power of the government and at the same time force government officials to keep maintaining high level of productivity that keep their voters base happy.

the safahids used force when persuasion to convert from being a sunni muslim to embrace shi'ism was not effective. they also persecute shi'ites who have different views from their imposed teachings.