Italy and germany emerged as nation-states in the nineteenth century as a result of
popular nationalism
civic nationalism
paternalism
privatization

the answer would be civic nationalism

Explanation:

"The unification of Italy and Germany as nation-states in the nineteenth century is an example of civic nationalism. Political leaders like Otto von Bismarck played a role in creating a German state. Similarly, Victor Emmanuel and Prime Minister Count Camillo di Cavour fought for national unity of Italy."

i would go with the last one

the answer is c sharecroppers were trapped in a cycle of poverty and debt.

explanation:

one of the major disadvantages of sharecropping system is that the sharecroppers or the planters are stucked in an unhealthy cycle of debts. this happens because planters will be allowed to loan merchandise from the land-owner and will soon be paid by the farmer in his share in the farm come harvest time. hope this !

by kd