What two events or circumstances drastically changed the demographics of larger, industrial cities?

I believe the answer is immigrants and former farmers. The immigrants has the big impact in the change of the demographics because of their transfer from place to place where they can affect the trade and commerce of the places they left and the moved in. The farmer since they have a huge responsibility to the market, they are the main supplier of foods to the society.

freedom of speech is also protected by the 1 amendment.

explanation:

here is pretty much what the 1st amendment says:

congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

during the 20th century, the role of the vice president has evolved into more of an executive branch position. now, the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president's administration and presides over the senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed.