Pope urban ii launched the first crusade in response to which of the following?
a. the demands of the holy orders of knighthood
b. saladin's capture of jerusalem and defeat of richard the lionheart
c. the byzantine emperor's plea for against the seljuk turks
d. the visions of nicholas of cologne and stephen of cloyes

Why did french and austrian troops stops revolts in spain and italy

How did european exploration and expansion cause the african slave trade to expand? a. european explorers discovered the slave trade and expanded it across the indian ocean into south asia. b. arab armies captured european explorers and forced them into slavery. c. european traders shipped enslaved africans to work on plantations in european colonies in the americas. d. european explorers captured african people and forced them to work on their ships.

What is the shaking of the earth 's surface due to sudden movements called?