Which political theory has been interpreted to mean that a president can shield critical information from congress as a result of the separation of powers?
a. checks and balances
b. impeachment
c. pardon
d. judicial powers
e. executive privilege

E. Executive Privilege

Explanation:

The Executive privilege is the power of the Executive branch to withhold information from other government branches in order to preserve confidential communications within the executive branch or to secure the national interest, that is to say, the Executive's power to decide what to share. This power is not either denied or accepted in the U.S. Constitution, however, nowadays it is widely accepted as an element of the separation of powers doctrine and the executive branches' supremacy.