Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were used in the south after 1890 to

Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were used in the South after 1890 to keep african americans from voting.

As many African Americans were poor or illiterate (being foreign slaves), they usually failed tests. The Poll tax was first instituted to keep slaves from voting, but with the poorest of the poor whites complaining, they soon changed it to the literacy test, so that they can keep slaves from using their new found right of voting.

a phrase from a poem by ralph waldo emerson about the battle of lexington and concord. emerson's words read, “here once the embattled farmers stood / and fired the shot heard round the world.”

that is probably something for you to answer