The investigative science in which known data about past crimes offenders and victims is used to predict the characteristics of an unknown offender in a new case is called

The investigative science in which known data about past crimes, offenders, and victims is used to predict the characteristics of an unknown offender in a new case is called offender profiling, or criminal profiling.

Explanation:

Offender profiling is an investigative science or strategy that is used by enforcement agencies to establish the identity, personality or likely characteristics of a suspect in a new crime based on information about previous related crimes which might or might not have been carried out by the same offender.

c) troops march forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons