Which type of trial is heard by a judge alone? a. civil trial b. jury trial c. criminal trial d. bench trial

D. bench trial

A bench trial refers to a trial by judge alone, and not a jury. In this type of trial, the judge is the finder of law, decides the credibility of the evidence presented and the one who makes conclusions, all according to laws.

In the U.S., the jury trials are way more common. In overall, a bench trial can take place only if the defendant waives a jury trial in writing, the government consents, and the court approves.

a social contract.

"a social contract is an agreement between citizens and their leader where the citizens give up certain freedoms in exchange for protection. the constitution of the united states is an example of a social contract."