Czar nicholas ii abdicated the russian throne in march 1917. in other words he

he is forced to abdicate the throne by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial government is installed in his place.

Crowned on May 26, 1894, Nicholas was neither trained nor inclined to rule, 

john smith was the first englishman to sail around the world. francis bacon served as attorney general and lord chancellor of england. he took up aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.