Which term best describes the new form of government that cleisthenes introduced in the greek city-state of athens

Direct democracy.

Explanation:

Cleisthenes of Athens (570 BCE— 508 BCE) is considered the founder of Athenian democracy. He served as chief archon (525–524), which was the highest magistrate of Athens. Cleisthenes forced a democratic reform after allying himself with the popular Assembly against the nobles.

His reform extended the power of common citizens on daily politics, and democracy became more and more direct, allowing all citizens to directly engage in government.

mesopotamian code of hammurabi

and i think its 1860 b.c. you mean lol

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.