In 1636, the Japanese governmet​

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Explanation:

Based on the passage, we can infer that in 1636, the Japanese government: Believed that ideas realized via foreign interactions provided no positive impact to Japanese society Disagreed with the European philosophy that trade brought wealth Feared all foreign religions Anticipated the economic threats associated with European trade and imperialism Viewed all its citizens living abroad as potential threats

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".